Timing Truth, Reconciliation, and Justice after War

Published in cooperation with the American Bar Association Section of Dispute Resolutio

A survey of software development practices in the New Zealand software industry

We report on the software development techniques used in the New Zealand software industry, paying particular attention to requirements gathering. We surveyed a selection of software companies with a general questionnaire and then conducted in-depth interviews with four companies. Our results show a wide variety in the kinds of companies undertaking software development, employing a wide range of software development techniques. Although our data are not sufficiently detailed to draw statistically significant conclusions, it appears that larger software development groups typically have more well-defined software development processes, spend proportionally more time on requirements gathering, and follow more rigorous testing regimes

A Refinement Calculus for Logic Programs

Existing refinement calculi provide frameworks for the stepwise development of imperative programs from specifications. This paper presents a refinement calculus for deriving logic programs. The calculus contains a wide-spectrum logic programming language, including executable constructs such as sequential conjunction, disjunction, and existential quantification, as well as specification constructs such as general predicates, assumptions and universal quantification. A declarative semantics is defined for this wide-spectrum language based on executions. Executions are partial functions from states to states, where a state is represented as a set of bindings. The semantics is used to define the meaning of programs and specifications, including parameters and recursion. To complete the calculus, a notion of correctness-preserving refinement over programs in the wide-spectrum language is defined and refinement laws for developing programs are introduced. The refinement calculus is illustrated using example derivations and prototype tool support is discussed.Comment: 36 pages, 3 figures. To be published in Theory and Practice of Logic Programming (TPLP

A Declarative Semantics for Logic Program Refinement

The refinement calculus provides a framework for the stepwise development of imperative programs from specifications. This paper presents a semantics for a refinement calculus for deriving logic programs. The calculus contains a wide-spectrum logic programming language, including executable constructs such as sequential conjunction, disjunction, and existential quantification, as well as specifications constructs (general predicates and assumptions) and universal quantification. A semantics is defined for this wide-spectrum language based on {\em executions}, which are partial functions from states to states, where a state is represented as a set of bindings. This execution semantics is used to define the meaning of programs and specifications, including parameters and recursion. To complete the calculus, a notion of correctness-preserving refinement over programs in the wide-spectrum language is defined and a refinement law for introducing recursive procedures is presented

More than a match? Assessing the HRM challenge of engaging employers to support retention and progression

This paper considers employer engagement within a changing landscape of Active Labour Market Policy (ALMP). Employer engagement in ALMP has focused on supporting job entry for disadvantaged groups, through working with employers to attain changes on the demand-side, or using dialogue with employers to implement changes on the supply-side. Employer engagement in this model is orientated to a point in time: the job match. However ALMP policy in the United Kingdom is beginning to give greater emphasis to the sustainability of job entries and progression opportunities. This potentially creates a quite different set of expectations around employer engagement, and asks more of employers. Yet securing strong engagement from employers in ALMP has tended to be difficult. This paper examines the challenges that such a change in focus will have for existing models of employer engagement and on associated implications for HRM theory, policy and practices

The Mid-infrared Instrument for JWST and Its In-flight Performance

The Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI) extends the reach of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) to 28.5 μm. It provides subarcsecond-resolution imaging, high sensitivity coronagraphy, and spectroscopy at resolutions of λ/Δλ ∼ 100-3500, with the high-resolution mode employing an integral field unit to provide spatial data cubes. The resulting broad suite of capabilities will enable huge advances in studies over this wavelength range. This overview describes the history of acquiring this capability for JWST. It discusses the basic attributes of the instrument optics, the detector arrays, and the cryocooler that keeps everything at approximately 7 K. It gives a short description of the data pipeline and of the instrument performance demonstrated during JWST commissioning. The bottom line is that the telescope and MIRI are both operating to the standards set by pre-launch predictions, and all of the MIRI capabilities are operating at, or even a bit better than, the level that had been expected. The paper is also designed to act as a roadmap to more detailed papers on different aspects of MIRI

The Science Performance of JWST as Characterized in Commissioning

This paper characterizes the actual science performance of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), as determined from the six month commissioning period. We summarize the performance of the spacecraft, telescope, science instruments, and ground system, with an emphasis on differences from pre-launch expectations. Commissioning has made clear that JWST is fully capable of achieving the discoveries for which it was built. Moreover, almost across the board, the science performance of JWST is better than expected; in most cases, JWST will go deeper faster than expected. The telescope and instrument suite have demonstrated the sensitivity, stability, image quality, and spectral range that are necessary to transform our understanding of the cosmos through observations spanning from near-earth asteroids to the most distant galaxies.Comment: 5th version as accepted to PASP; 31 pages, 18 figures; https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1538-3873/acb29

The James Webb Space Telescope Mission

Twenty-six years ago a small committee report, building on earlier studies, expounded a compelling and poetic vision for the future of astronomy, calling for an infrared-optimized space telescope with an aperture of at least $4m$. With the support of their governments in the US, Europe, and Canada, 20,000 people realized that vision as the $6.5m$ James Webb Space Telescope. A generation of astronomers will celebrate their accomplishments for the life of the mission, potentially as long as 20 years, and beyond. This report and the scientific discoveries that follow are extended thank-you notes to the 20,000 team members. The telescope is working perfectly, with much better image quality than expected. In this and accompanying papers, we give a brief history, describe the observatory, outline its objectives and current observing program, and discuss the inventions and people who made it possible. We cite detailed reports on the design and the measured performance on orbit.Comment: Accepted by PASP for the special issue on The James Webb Space Telescope Overview, 29 pages, 4 figure

Great expectations : managing realities of transitional justice

This thesis examines the management of expectations for transitional justice. The transitional justice trials for the former Yugoslavia (Tribunal) and Cambodia (Chambers) reveal an expectation dilemma. In interviews with transitional justice practitioners and advocates, expectations were declared to be "unrealistic" and subsequently had to be "managed". Expectations were considered diverse, ranging from the desire that one's suffering would be declared genocide, to a desire to contribute the story of one's experience of conflict to an official institution. Mothers expected to find out the location of a son's remains and whole communities wanted to know why "Khmer had killed Khmer" in Cambodia. Further, expectations about transitional justice were not held exclusively by locals, but also by the international community. It became clear from interviews that these expectations (and many others) reflected needs that trials at the Tribunal and Chambers were unlikely to satisfy. Hence, the dominant discourse of "management" favoured a unidirectional, top-down approach: elites (international staff at courts) managing the expectations of locals (victims). Qualitative data from interviews was supported with a quantitative and qualitative content analysis of news media coverage of expectations of the Tribunal and Chambers. This highlighted ways in which transitional justice was seen, positively and negatively, to respond to expectations. Importantly, it exposed patterns and themes in coverage illustrating opportunities for improved expectation management, and for transitional justice that is more expectation responsive. In response to the expectation dilemma a three-step process is proposed that seeks to increase expectation satisfaction: 1) developing more robust expectation management strategies by consulting local stakeholders to identify expectations; 2) developing shared aims among all stakeholders that inform the design of transitional justice; and 3) conceiving transitional justice in a way that is broader, deeper, and longer. As steps towards better expectation realisation, these measures allow for multi-directional expectation reality checks. More robust management strategies require us to discover and examine expectations at the outset of transitional justice endeavours. Building upon a developed understanding of expectations it will be possible not only to improve management but also to collaboratively design responses to realise synthesised expectations of all stakeholders. Examining two "single mechanism" transitional efforts, this thesis highlights the difficulties of satisfying expectations when employing one solution-as well as the expectation burden that single mechanisms endure. Instead, transitional justice must draw broadly, considering multiple conceptions of justice and various mechanisms. At the same time, stakeholders should be participants in the dialogue and design of transitional justice activities. Transitional justice must look to achieve expectations in the long haul, providing extended opportunities for participation. These steps are mutually reinforcing, yet suitable for incremental adoption. The thesis encourages us to ask not only whether expectations are appropriate to institutions (and requiring management) but also whether institutions are appropriate to expectations. By proposing greater engagement, this thesis argues we should not only consider institutions and mechanisms of transitional justice as working for transitional societies, but with transitional societies

Timing truth, reconciliation and justice after war

The article focuses on the politics of trust, hope and accountability by taking responsibility in reconciliation issues for the purpose of resolving conflicts. It discusses reconciliation in Bougainville province that involves more people from top as to the grassroots and does not have its trust and reconciliation commission (TRC). It discusses educating survivors that truth, justice, and reconciliation are partial accomplishments in the long term